Перевод: с английского на русский

с русского на английский

to reduce aid

Толкование Перевод

1 aid

1. n
помощь, содействие, поддержка

to accept aid — принимать помощь

to administer aid — оказывать помощь

to appeal / to ask for aid — обращаться за помощью; просить помощь

to attach strings to foreign aid — сопровождать условиями оказание помощи другому государству

to attract necessary aid — привлекать необходимую помощь

to be eligible for aid — иметь право на получение помощи

to cancel / to cease aid — прекращать помощь

to channel aid for / into smth — направлять помощь на что-л.

to come to smb's aid — приходить на помощь кому-л.

to coordinate and direct aid for refugees — координировать и направлять помощь беженцам

to cut off aid to smb — прекращать помощь кому-л.

to deduct foreign aid — сокращать помощь другим странам

to discontinue aid — прекращать помощь

to distribute aid — распределять помощь

to do without foreign aid — обходиться без иностранной помощи

to donate aid — оказывать помощь, предоставляя что-л. в виде дара

to end all aid to a country — прекращать оказание всех видов помощи какой-л. стране

to extend aid — расширять помощь

to freeze aid — замораживать помощь

to give aid — предоставлять помощь

to go to the aid of smb — приходить на помощь кому-л.

to grant aid — предоставлять помощь

to halt aid — прекращать помощь

to hold back aid — приостанавливать помощь

to increase the level of aid — увеличивать масштабы помощи

to lend aid — предоставлять помощь

to misuse aid — неправильно использовать помощь

to offer aid — предлагать помощь

to provide aid — предоставлять помощь

to receive aid — получать помощь

to reduce aid — уменьшать помощь

to reinstate aid — возобновлять помощь

to release aid — давать разрешение на оказание помощи

to render aid — оказывать помощь

to renew / to restore / to resume aid — возобновлять предоставление / оказание помощи

to review the aid — пересматривать вопрос об оказании помощи

to scale down aid — постепенно сокращать размеры помощи

to scale up aid — постепенно увеличивать размеры помощи

to secure aid — добиваться предоставления помощи

to seek more aid for a country — добиваться увеличения помощи стране

to send aid — направлять помощь

to step up aid — усиливать помощь; увеличивать размеры помощи

to stop aid — прекращать помощь

to supply aid — оказывать помощь

to suspend aid — приостанавливать помощь

to threaten a cutoff of all aid — угрожать полностью прекратить оказание помощи

to turn down $... of aid — отвергать предложение о предоставлении помощи на сумму... долларов

to withdraw aid — прекращать помощь

to withhold further aid — воздержаться от продолжения помощи

- aid earmarked for smth
- aid in cash
- aid in the form of food
- aid on a multilateral basis
- aid with strings
- aid without strings
- all-round aid
- appeal for international aid
- budgetary aid
- calls for renewed aid
- cancellation of aid
- capital aid for economic development
- cash aid
- clandestine aid
- cut in aid
- cutbacks in aid
- development aid
- disinterested aid
- distribution of aid
- economic aid
- effective aid
- emergency aid
- ending of aid
- federal aid
- financial aid
- flow of aid
- food aid
- foreign aid
- generous aid
- government aid
- gratuitous aid
- humanitarian aid
- ineffective aid
- inflow of aid
- influx of foreign aid
- international aid
- large-scale aid
- lethal aid
- long-term aid
- massive aid
- military aid
- misappropriation of aid
- multilateral aid
- mutual aid
- necessary aid
- nonfinancial aid
- nonmilitary aid
- outside aid
- planeload of aid
- pledges of aid
- provision of aid
- relief aid
- resumption of aid for smb
- review of smb's aid to a country
- short-term aid
- special aid
- state aid
- substantial aid
- suspension of aid
- technical aid
- technological aid
- terms and conditions of aid
- tied aid
- top recipient of aid
- unconditional aid
- unrestricted aid
- urgent aid
- welfare aid 2. v
помогать, оказывать помощь, оказывать содействие, оказывать поддержку

Politics english-russian dictionary > aid
2 обращать

несовер. - обращать;
совер. - обратить( кого-л./что-л.)
1) turn;
direct
2) (кого-л./что-л.), (в кого-л./что-л.) turn (into), convert (to) обращать чье-л. внимание на (что-л.) ≈ to call/draw smb.'s attention (to), to pay attention (to) ;
to take notice (of), to notice обращать на себя внимание ≈ to attract attention( to oneself) обратить/превратить в прах ≈ to reduce to dust/ashes обращать в свою пользу (что-л.) ≈ to turn to one's own advantage обращать в католичество ≈ catholicize не обращать внимания на ≈ to disregard, ignore;
to take no notice/heed обращать в пепел ≈ to reduce to ashes;
to incinerate обращать внимание на ≈ to pay/draw attention to, to give/pay heed to, to take note

, обратить
1. (вн.) turn (smth.) ;
обратить взгляд на кого-л., что-л. turn one`s eyes upon smb., smth. ;
~ взоры (на) look (to) ;

2. ( вн. в вн. ;
превращать) turn ( smth. into) ;
~ что-л. в шутку turn smth. into a joke;

3. рел. convert;
~ в свою веру convert to one`s faith;
~ кого-л. в бегство put* smb. to flight;
~ся, обратиться
4. (к дт.) appeal (to) ;
(заговаривать) address( smb.) ;
~ся к кому-л. с просьбой appeal to smb., address a request to smb. ;
~ся к кому-л. за помощью appeal to smb. for aid;
~ся к кому-л. за советом ask smb.`s advice, come* to smb. for advice;
~ся к врачу see* a doctor;
~ся к кому-л. с письмом write a letter to smb. ;

5. (вн.;
превращаться) turn (into) ;

6. тк. несов. (с тв.;
обходиться с кем-л.) treat( smb.) ;
плохо ~ся с кем-л. ill-treat (smb.) ;

7. тк. несов. (с тв.;
пользоваться чем-л.) use (smth.) ;
уметь ~ся c инструментом know* how to handle tools;
осторожно обращайтесь с огнём! take no risk with fire!;

8. тк. несов. эк. (находиться в употреблении) circulate;
обратиться в слух be* all ears.

Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > обращать
3 nourish

1. v питать, кормить

to nourish well — питать хорошо

to be well nourished — быть упитанным

to be ill nourished — быть истощённым

to nourish the soil — удобрять почву; подкармливать

2. v питать, лелеять

to nourish hatred — питать ненависть

to nourish hope — лелеять надежду

3. v редк. кормить грудью

4. v воен. снабжать

to nourish a drive — обеспечивать наступление в материально-техническом отношении; снабжать наступающие войска

nourish a drive — снабжать наступающие войска

Синонимический ряд:

1. aid (verb) aid; encourage; feed; foment; help; provide; supply

2. nurse (verb) breast-feed; cherish; cultivate; foster; nurse; nursle; suckle

3. nurture (verb) attend; nurture; support; sustain; tend

Антонимический ряд:

attenuate; debilitate; deprive; discourage; enervate; enfeeble; exhaust; impair; neglect; reduce; sap; weaken

English-Russian base dictionary > nourish
4 near cash

!

гос. фин. The resource budget contains a separate control total for “near cash” expenditure, that is expenditure such as pay and current grants which impacts directly on the measure of the golden rule.

Introduction

This paper provides background information on the framework for the planning and control of public expenditure in the UK which has been operated since the 1998 Comprehensive Spending Review (CSR). It sets out the different classifications of spending for budgeting purposes and why these distinctions have been adopted. It discusses how the public expenditure framework is designed to ensure both sound public finances and an outcome-focused approach to public expenditure.

Principles of the framework

The UK's public spending framework is based on several key principles:
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consistency with a long-term, prudent and transparent regime for managing the public finances as a whole;
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the judgement of success by policy outcomes rather than resource inputs;
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strong incentives for departments and their partners in service delivery to plan over several years and plan together where appropriate so as to deliver better public services with greater cost effectiveness; and
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the proper costing and management of capital assets to provide the right incentives for public investment.

The Government sets policy to meet two firm fiscal rules:
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the Golden Rule states that over the economic cycle, the Government will borrow only to invest and not to fund current spending; and
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the Sustainable Investment Rule states that net public debt as a proportion of GDP will be held over the economic cycle at a stable and prudent level. Other things being equal, net debt will be maintained below 40 per cent of GDP over the economic cycle.

Achievement of the fiscal rules is assessed by reference to the national accounts, which are produced by the Office for National Statistics, acting as an independent agency. The Government sets its spending envelope to comply with these fiscal rules.

Departmental Expenditure Limits ( DEL) and Annually Managed Expenditure (AME)

The framework for public expenditure is divided between
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Departmental Expenditure Limit ( DEL) spending, which is planned and controlled on a three year basis in Spending Reviews; and
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Annually Managed Expenditure ( AME), which is expenditure which cannot reasonably be subject to firm, multi-year limits in the same way as DEL. AME includes social security benefits, local authority self-financed expenditure, debt interest, and payments to EU institutions.

More information about DEL and AME is set out below.

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Departmental Expenditure Limits ( DEL)

In Spending Reviews, firm DEL plans are set for departments for three years. To ensure consistency with the Government's fiscal rules departments are set separate resource (current) and capital budgets. The resource budget contains a separate control total for “near cash” expenditure, that is expenditure such as pay and current grants which impacts directly on the measure of the golden rule.

To encourage departments to plan over the medium term departments may carry forward unspent DEL provision from one year into the next and, subject to the normal tests for tautness and realism of plans, may be drawn down in future years. This end-year flexibility also removes any incentive for departments to use up their provision as the year end approaches with less regard to value for money. For the full benefits of this flexibility and of three year plans to feed through into improved public service delivery, end-year flexibility and three year budgets should be cascaded from departments to executive agencies and other budget holders.

Three year budgets and end-year flexibility give those managing public services the stability to plan their operations on a sensible time scale. Further, the system means that departments cannot seek to bid up funds each year (before 1997, three year plans were set and reviewed in annual Public Expenditure Surveys). So the credibility of medium-term plans has been enhanced at both central and departmental level.

Departments have certainty over the budgetary allocation over the medium term and these multi-year DEL plans are strictly enforced. Departments are expected to prioritise competing pressures and fund these within their overall annual limits, as set in Spending Reviews. So the DEL system provides a strong incentive to control costs and maximise value for money.

There is a small centrally held DEL Reserve. Support from the Reserve is available only for genuinely unforeseeable contingencies which departments cannot be expected to manage within their DEL.

Annually Managed Expenditure ( AME)

AME typically consists of programmes which are large, volatile and demand-led, and which therefore cannot reasonably be subject to firm multi-year limits. The biggest single element is social security spending. Other items include tax credits, Local Authority Self Financed Expenditure, Scottish Executive spending financed by non-domestic rates, and spending financed from the proceeds of the National Lottery.

AME is reviewed twice a year as part of the Budget and Pre-Budget Report process reflecting the close integration of the tax and benefit system, which was enhanced by the introduction of tax credits.

AME is not subject to the same three year expenditure limits as DEL, but is still part of the overall envelope for public expenditure. Affordability is taken into account when policy decisions affecting AME are made. The Government has committed itself not to take policy measures which are likely to have the effect of increasing social security or other elements of AME without taking steps to ensure that the effects of those decisions can be accommodated prudently within the Government's fiscal rules.

Given an overall envelope for public spending, forecasts of AME affect the level of resources available for DEL spending. Cautious estimates and the AME margin are built in to these AME forecasts and reduce the risk of overspending on AME.

Total Managed Expenditure

Together, DEL plus AME sum to Total Managed Expenditure (TME). TME is a measure drawn from national accounts. It represents the current and capital spending of the public sector. The public sector is made up of central government, local government and public corporations.

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Resource Accounting and Budgeting ( RAB)

Resource and Capital Budgets are set in terms of accruals information. Accruals information measures resources as they are consumed rather than when the cash is paid. So for example the Resource Budget includes a charge for depreciation, a measure of the consumption or wearing out of capital assets.
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Non cash charges in budgets do not impact directly on the fiscal framework. That may be because the national accounts use a different way of measuring the same thing, for example in the case of the depreciation of departmental assets. Or it may be that the national accounts measure something different: for example, resource budgets include a cost of capital charge reflecting the opportunity cost of holding capital; the national accounts include debt interest.
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Within the Resource Budget DEL, departments have separate controls on:
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Near cash spending, the sub set of Resource Budgets which impacts directly on the Golden Rule; and
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Administration Budgets (see below)

Administration Budgets

The amount of their Resource Budget DEL that departments may spend on running themselves (e.g. paying most civil servants’ salaries) is limited by Administration Budgets, which are set in Spending Reviews. Administration Budgets are used to ensure that as much money as practicable is available for front line services and programmes. These budgets also help to drive efficiency improvements in departments’ own activities. Administration Budgets exclude the costs of frontline services delivered directly by departments.

Spending Reviews

The Budget preceding a Spending Review sets an overall envelope for public spending that is consistent with the fiscal rules for the period covered by the Spending Review. In the Spending Review, the Budget AME forecast for year one of the Spending Review period is updated, and AME forecasts are made for the later years of the Spending Review period.

The 1998 Comprehensive Spending Review ( CSR), which was published in July 1998, was a comprehensive review of departmental aims and objectives alongside a zero-based analysis of each spending programme to determine the best way of delivering the Government's objectives. The 1998 CSR allocated substantial additional resources to the Government's key priorities, particularly education and health, for the three year period from 1999-2000 to 2001-02.

Delivering better public services does not just depend on how much money the Government spends, but also on how well it spends it. Therefore the 1998 CSR introduced Public Service Agreements (PSAs). Each major government department was given its own PSA setting out clear targets for achievements in terms of public service improvements.

The 1998 CSR also introduced the DEL/ AME framework for the control of public spending, and made other framework changes. Building on the investment and reforms delivered by the 1998 CSR, successive spending reviews in 2000, 2002 and 2004 have:
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provided significant increase in resources for the Government’s priorities, in particular health and education, and cross-cutting themes such as raising productivity; extending opportunity; and building strong and secure communities;
" "
enabled the Government significantly to increase investment in public assets and address the legacy of under investment from past decades. Departmental Investment Strategies were introduced in SR2000. As a result there has been a steady increase in public sector net investment from less than ¾ of a per cent of GDP in 1997-98 to 2¼ per cent of GDP in 2005-06, providing better infrastructure across public services;
" "
introduced further refinements to the performance management framework. PSA targets have been reduced in number over successive spending reviews from around 300 to 110 to give greater focus to the Government’s highest priorities. The targets have become increasingly outcome-focused to deliver further improvements in key areas of public service delivery across Government. They have also been refined in line with the conclusions of the Devolving Decision Making Review to provide a framework which encourages greater devolution and local flexibility. Technical Notes were introduced in SR2000 explaining how performance against each PSA target will be measured; and
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not only allocated near cash spending to departments, but also – since SR2002 - set Resource DEL plans for non cash spending.

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Comprehensive Spending Review 2007

To identify what further investments and reforms are needed to equip the UK for the global challenges of the decade ahead, on 19 July 2005 the Chief Secretary to the Treasury announced that the Government intends to launch a second Comprehensive Spending Review (CSR) reporting in 2007.

A decade on from the first CSR, the 2007 CSR will represent a long-term and fundamental review of government expenditure. It will cover departmental allocations for 2008-09, 2009-10 and 2010 11. Allocations for 2007-08 will be held to the agreed figures already announced by the 2004 Spending Review. To provide a rigorous analytical framework for these departmental allocations, the Government will be taking forward a programme of preparatory work over 2006 involving:
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an assessment of what the sustained increases in spending and reforms to public service delivery have achieved since the first CSR. The assessment will inform the setting of new objectives for the decade ahead;
" "
an examination of the key long-term trends and challenges that will shape the next decade – including demographic and socio-economic change, globalisation, climate and environmental change, global insecurity and technological change – together with an assessment of how public services will need to respond;
" "
to release the resources needed to address these challenges, and to continue to secure maximum value for money from public spending over the CSR period, a set of zero-based reviews of departments’ baseline expenditure to assess its effectiveness in delivering the Government’s long-term objectives; together with
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further development of the efficiency programme, building on the cross cutting areas identified in the Gershon Review, to embed and extend ongoing efficiency savings into departmental expenditure planning.

The 2007 CSR also offers the opportunity to continue to refine the PSA framework so that it drives effective delivery and the attainment of ambitious national standards.

Obtaining good performance

Public Service Agreements (PSAs) were introduced in the 1998 CSR. They set out agreed targets detailing the outputs and outcomes departments are expected to deliver with the resources allocated to them. The new spending regime places a strong emphasis on outcome targets, for example in providing for better health and higher educational standards or service standards. The introduction in SR2004 of PSA ‘standards’ will ensure that high standards in priority areas are maintained.

The Government monitors progress against PSA targets, and departments report in detail twice a year in their annual Departmental Reports (published in spring) and in their autumn performance reports. These reports provide Parliament and the public with regular updates on departments’ performance against their targets.

Technical Notes explain how performance against each PSA target will be measured.

Departmental Investment Strategies (DISs)

To make the most of both new investment and existing assets, there needs to be a coherent long term strategy against which investment decisions are taken. Departmental Investment Strategies (DIS) set out each department's plans to deliver the scale and quality of capital stock needed to underpin its objectives. The DIS includes information about the department's existing capital stock and future plans for that stock, as well as plans for new investment. It also sets out the systems that the department has in place to ensure that it delivers its capital programmes effectively.

This document was updated on 19 December 2005.

Near-cash resource expenditure that has a related cash implication, even though the timing of the cash payment may be slightly different. For example, expenditure on gas or electricity supply is incurred as the fuel is used, though the cash payment might be made in arrears on aquarterly basis. Other examples of near-cash expenditure are: pay, rental.Net cash requirement the upper limit agreed by Parliament on the cash which a department may draw from theConsolidated Fund to finance the expenditure within the ambit of its Request forResources. It is equal to the agreed amount of net resources and net capital less non-cashitems and working capital.Non-cash cost costs where there is no cash transaction but which are included in a body’s accounts (or taken into account in charging for a service) to establish the true cost of all the resourcesused.Non-departmental a body which has a role in the processes of government, but is not a government public body, NDPBdepartment or part of one. NDPBs accordingly operate at arm’s length from governmentMinisters.Notional cost of a cost which is taken into account in setting fees and charges to improve comparability with insuranceprivate sector service providers.The charge takes account of the fact that public bodies donot generally pay an insurance premium to a commercial insurer.the independent body responsible for collecting and publishing official statistics about theUK’s society and economy. (At the time of going to print legislation was progressing tochange this body to the Statistics Board).Office of Government an office of the Treasury, with a status similar to that of an agency, which aims to maximise Commerce, OGCthe government’s purchasing power for routine items and combine professional expertiseto bear on capital projects.Office of the the government department responsible for discharging the Paymaster General’s statutoryPaymaster General,responsibilities to hold accounts and make payments for government departments and OPGother public bodies.Orange bookthe informal title for Management of Risks: Principles and Concepts, which is published by theTreasury for the guidance of public sector bodies.Office for NationalStatistics, ONS60Managing Public Money

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GLOSSARYOverdraftan account with a negative balance.Parliament’s formal agreement to authorise an activity or expenditure.Prerogative powerspowers exercisable under the Royal Prerogative, ie powers which are unique to the Crown,as contrasted with common-law powers which may be available to the Crown on the samebasis as to natural persons.Primary legislationActs which have been passed by the Westminster Parliament and, where they haveappropriate powers, the Scottish Parliament and the Northern Ireland Assembly. Begin asBills until they have received Royal Assent.arrangements under which a public sector organisation contracts with a private sectorentity to construct a facility and provide associated services of a specified quality over asustained period. See annex 7.5.Proprietythe principle that patterns of resource consumption should respect Parliament’s intentions,conventions and control procedures, including any laid down by the PAC. See box 2.4.Public Accountssee Committee of Public Accounts.CommitteePublic corporationa trading body controlled by central government, local authority or other publiccorporation that has substantial day to day operating independence. See section 7.8.Public Dividend finance provided by government to public sector bodies as an equity stake; an alternative to Capital, PDCloan finance.Public Service sets out what the public can expect the government to deliver with its resources. EveryAgreement, PSAlarge government department has PSA(s) which specify deliverables as targets or aimsrelated to objectives.a structured arrangement between a public sector and a private sector organisation tosecure an outcome delivering good value for money for the public sector. It is classified tothe public or private sector according to which has more control.Rate of returnthe financial remuneration delivered by a particular project or enterprise, expressed as apercentage of the net assets employed.Regularitythe principle that resource consumption should accord with the relevant legislation, therelevant delegated authority and this document. See box 2.4.Request for the functional level into which departmental Estimates may be split. RfRs contain a number Resources, RfRof functions being carried out by the department in pursuit of one or more of thatdepartment’s objectives.Resource accountan accruals account produced in line with the Financial Reporting Manual (FReM).Resource accountingthe system under which budgets, Estimates and accounts are constructed in a similar wayto commercial audited accounts, so that both plans and records of expenditure allow in fullfor the goods and services which are to be, or have been, consumed – ie not just the cashexpended.Resource budgetthe means by which the government plans and controls the expenditure of resources tomeet its objectives.Restitutiona legal concept which allows money and property to be returned to its rightful owner. Ittypically operates where another person can be said to have been unjustly enriched byreceiving such monies.Return on capital the ratio of profit to capital employed of an accounting entity during an identified period.employed, ROCEVarious measures of profit and of capital employed may be used in calculating the ratio.Public Privatepartnership, PPPPrivate Finance Initiative, PFIParliamentaryauthority61Managing Public Money
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GLOSSARYRoyal charterthe document setting out the powers and constitution of a corporation established underprerogative power of the monarch acting on Privy Council advice.Second readingthe second formal time that a House of Parliament may debate a bill, although in practicethe first substantive debate on its content. If successful, it is deemed to denoteParliamentary approval of the principle of the proposed legislation.Secondary legislationlaws, including orders and regulations, which are made using powers in primary legislation.Normally used to set out technical and administrative provision in greater detail thanprimary legislation, they are subject to a less intense level of scrutiny in Parliament.European legislation is,however,often implemented in secondary legislation using powers inthe European Communities Act 1972.Service-level agreement between parties, setting out in detail the level of service to be performed.agreementWhere agreements are between central government bodies, they are not legally a contractbut have a similar function.Shareholder Executive a body created to improve the government’s performance as a shareholder in businesses.Spending reviewsets out the key improvements in public services that the public can expect over a givenperiod. It includes a thorough review of departmental aims and objectives to find the bestway of delivering the government’s objectives, and sets out the spending plans for the givenperiod.State aidstate support for a domestic body or company which could distort EU competition and sois not usually allowed. See annex 4.9.Statement of Excessa formal statement detailing departments’ overspends prepared by the Comptroller andAuditor General as a result of undertaking annual audits.Statement on Internal an annual statement that Accounting Officers are required to make as part of the accounts Control, SICon a range of risk and control issues.Subheadindividual elements of departmental expenditure identifiable in Estimates as single cells, forexample cell A1 being administration costs within a particular line of departmental spending.Supplyresources voted by Parliament in response to Estimates, for expenditure by governmentdepartments.Supply Estimatesa statement of the resources the government needs in the coming financial year, and forwhat purpose(s), by which Parliamentary authority is sought for the planned level ofexpenditure and income.Target rate of returnthe rate of return required of a project or enterprise over a given period, usually at least a year.Third sectorprivate sector bodies which do not act commercially,including charities,social and voluntaryorganisations and other not-for-profit collectives. See annex 7.7.Total Managed a Treasury budgeting term which covers all current and capital spending carried out by the Expenditure,TMEpublic sector (ie not just by central departments).Trading fundan organisation (either within a government department or forming one) which is largely orwholly financed from commercial revenue generated by its activities. Its Estimate shows itsnet impact, allowing its income from receipts to be devoted entirely to its business.Treasury Minutea formal administrative document drawn up by the Treasury, which may serve a wide varietyof purposes including seeking Parliamentary approval for the use of receipts asappropriations in aid, a remission of some or all of the principal of voted loans, andresponding on behalf of the government to reports by the Public Accounts Committee(PAC).62Managing Public Money

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GLOSSARY63Managing Public MoneyValue for moneythe process under which organisation’s procurement, projects and processes aresystematically evaluated and assessed to provide confidence about suitability, effectiveness,prudence,quality,value and avoidance of error and other waste,judged for the public sectoras a whole.Virementthe process through which funds are moved between subheads such that additionalexpenditure on one is met by savings on one or more others.Votethe process by which Parliament approves funds in response to supply Estimates.Voted expenditureprovision for expenditure that has been authorised by Parliament. Parliament ‘votes’authority for public expenditure through the Supply Estimates process. Most expenditureby central government departments is authorised in this way.Wider market activity activities undertaken by central government organisations outside their statutory duties,using spare capacity and aimed at generating a commercial profit. See annex 7.6.Windfallmonies received by a department which were not anticipated in the spending review.

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64Managing Public Money

Англо-русский экономический словарь > near cash
5 SMART

1) Компьютерная техника: Securable Manageable Archivable Retrievable And Transferable, Sensible Multilateral American Response To Terrorism, Suggestive Match And Research Technology

2) Американизм: Save Money And Reduce Taxes, Simulation And Modeling For Acquisition Requirements And Training, Strategic Management Analysis Requirements And Technology

3) Военный термин: Self Modifying Ability Reactive Training, Self Monitoring And Reporting Technology, Sensors Mounted As Roving Threads, Special Military Active Retired Travelers, Stereoscopic Mapping And Rescaling Technology, scheduled maintenance and reliability team, sensor-fuzed munitions for artillery, small arms training, supersonic missile and rocket track, supply and maintenance assessment and review team, systems management analysis, research, and testing

4) Техника: Signaal multibeam acquisition radar for targeting, senior management assessment of readiness team, shipborne multibeam acquisition radar for targeting, system of measuring and attaining refining target

5) Шутливое выражение: Send the Mexicans Across the River Today

6) Религия: Student Missionary Apprentice Reality Training

7) Железнодорожный термин: Sonoma-Marin Area Rail Transit ( SMART) США

8) Юридический термин: Servers And Managers Alcohol Responsibility Training, Speed Monitoring Awareness Radar Trailer, Stop More Alcohol Related Tragedies

9) Экономика: ( specific, measurable, achievable, relevant to the purpose, timely) SMART-критерии цели, конкретность, измеримость, достижимость, релевантность, своевременность

10) Бухгалтерия: Systematic Mortgage Amortization Reduction Technology

11) Грубое выражение: Sexually Molested And Raped Twice

12) Металлургия: Система расчёта и получения заданных результатов плавки с помощью статической и динамической модели кислородно-конверторного процесса и измерительного зонда

13) Сокращение: Sensor Fuzed Munition for Artillery, Signaal Multi-beam Acquisition Radar for Targeting (Netherlands), Small Arms Trainer, Spurt Message Alphanumeric Radio Terminal, Strategic Multi-role Aid & Replenishment Transport vessel (Canada), Susceptibility Model Assessment & Range Test, Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant, Time-bound, Specific, Measurable, Agreed, Realistic, Time-boned

14) Университет: Science Math And Relevant Technology, Special Multimedia Arenas For Refining Thinking, Student And Merchant Achievement Recognition Team, Student Mentor Academic Research Teams, Student Mentors Advising Rising Talent

15) Физиология: Sensitive Membrane Antigen Rapid Test, Sensory Modality Assessment And Rehabilitation Technique, Serving Meals At The Right Time

16) Электроника: Shared Memory Application Replaying Tool

17) Вычислительная техника: Self-Monitoring Analysis and Reporting Technology, Self-Monitoring, Analysis and Reporting Technology (HDD, IDE, Conner, IBM, Quantum, Seagate, WD)

18) Транспорт: State and Metropolitan Analyses of Regional Transportation, Stormwater Management And Road Tunnel, Students Of Missouri Assisting Rural Transportation, Suburban Mobility Authority For Regional Transportation

19) СМИ: Sport Music And Real Talk

20) Деловая лексика: Sales Marketing Administration Research Tracking, Securities Markets' Automated Regulated Trading, Simple, Moral, Accountable, Responsive, And Transparent, Specific Measurable Acceptable Realistic And Timely, Specific Measurable Achievable Realistic And Timely, Specific Measurable Attainable Relevant And Trackable, Specific, Measurable, Accountable, Responsive, And Transparent, Specific, Measurable, Appropriate, Realistic, And Timely, Specific, Measurable, Attainable, Relevant, And Timely

21) Бурение: Планирование для уменьшения среднего времени реагирования (Scheduling to Minimize Average Response Time)

22) Образование: Science Math And Reading Tutoring, Science, Math, And Related Technologies, Self Management And Recovery Training, Shared Multimedia Access To Resources For Teaching, Start Making A Reader Today, Streamlined Management And Accountable Resources For Teachers, Student Mentors Assisting Receptive Teachers, Studies For Manchester Area Residents And Tourists, Successful Motivation And Reward Training, Super Math And Reading Time

23) Авиационная медицина: skills maintenance and reacquisition training

24) Должность: Simple Multi Attribute Rating Technique

25) НАСА: Satellite Multimedia Applications Research And Trials, Shared Mobile Atmospheric Research And Teaching, Small Missions For Advanced Research And Technology

26) Программное обеспечение: Self Monitoring Analysis And Reporting Tool, Simple Modular Architecture Research Tool, Simple Multipurpose Automation And Reporting Tools, Smaller Modules Are Readily Transportable

Универсальный англо-русский словарь > SMART
6 smart

1) Компьютерная техника: Securable Manageable Archivable Retrievable And Transferable, Sensible Multilateral American Response To Terrorism, Suggestive Match And Research Technology

2) Американизм: Save Money And Reduce Taxes, Simulation And Modeling For Acquisition Requirements And Training, Strategic Management Analysis Requirements And Technology

3) Военный термин: Self Modifying Ability Reactive Training, Self Monitoring And Reporting Technology, Sensors Mounted As Roving Threads, Special Military Active Retired Travelers, Stereoscopic Mapping And Rescaling Technology, scheduled maintenance and reliability team, sensor-fuzed munitions for artillery, small arms training, supersonic missile and rocket track, supply and maintenance assessment and review team, systems management analysis, research, and testing

4) Техника: Signaal multibeam acquisition radar for targeting, senior management assessment of readiness team, shipborne multibeam acquisition radar for targeting, system of measuring and attaining refining target

5) Шутливое выражение: Send the Mexicans Across the River Today

6) Религия: Student Missionary Apprentice Reality Training

7) Железнодорожный термин: Sonoma-Marin Area Rail Transit (SMART) США

8) Юридический термин: Servers And Managers Alcohol Responsibility Training, Speed Monitoring Awareness Radar Trailer, Stop More Alcohol Related Tragedies

9) Экономика: ( specific, measurable, achievable, relevant to the purpose, timely) SMART-критерии цели, конкретность, измеримость, достижимость, релевантность, своевременность

10) Бухгалтерия: Systematic Mortgage Amortization Reduction Technology

11) Грубое выражение: Sexually Molested And Raped Twice

12) Металлургия: Система расчёта и получения заданных результатов плавки с помощью статической и динамической модели кислородно-конверторного процесса и измерительного зонда

13) Сокращение: Sensor Fuzed Munition for Artillery, Signaal Multi-beam Acquisition Radar for Targeting (Netherlands), Small Arms Trainer, Spurt Message Alphanumeric Radio Terminal, Strategic Multi-role Aid & Replenishment Transport vessel (Canada), Susceptibility Model Assessment & Range Test, Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant, Time-bound, Specific, Measurable, Agreed, Realistic, Time-boned

14) Университет: Science Math And Relevant Technology, Special Multimedia Arenas For Refining Thinking, Student And Merchant Achievement Recognition Team, Student Mentor Academic Research Teams, Student Mentors Advising Rising Talent

15) Физиология: Sensitive Membrane Antigen Rapid Test, Sensory Modality Assessment And Rehabilitation Technique, Serving Meals At The Right Time

16) Электроника: Shared Memory Application Replaying Tool

17) Вычислительная техника: Self-Monitoring Analysis and Reporting Technology, Self-Monitoring, Analysis and Reporting Technology (HDD, IDE, Conner, IBM, Quantum, Seagate, WD)

18) Транспорт: State and Metropolitan Analyses of Regional Transportation, Stormwater Management And Road Tunnel, Students Of Missouri Assisting Rural Transportation, Suburban Mobility Authority For Regional Transportation

19) СМИ: Sport Music And Real Talk

20) Деловая лексика: Sales Marketing Administration Research Tracking, Securities Markets' Automated Regulated Trading, Simple, Moral, Accountable, Responsive, And Transparent, Specific Measurable Acceptable Realistic And Timely, Specific Measurable Achievable Realistic And Timely, Specific Measurable Attainable Relevant And Trackable, Specific, Measurable, Accountable, Responsive, And Transparent, Specific, Measurable, Appropriate, Realistic, And Timely, Specific, Measurable, Attainable, Relevant, And Timely

21) Бурение: Планирование для уменьшения среднего времени реагирования (Scheduling to Minimize Average Response Time)

22) Образование: Science Math And Reading Tutoring, Science, Math, And Related Technologies, Self Management And Recovery Training, Shared Multimedia Access To Resources For Teaching, Start Making A Reader Today, Streamlined Management And Accountable Resources For Teachers, Student Mentors Assisting Receptive Teachers, Studies For Manchester Area Residents And Tourists, Successful Motivation And Reward Training, Super Math And Reading Time

23) Авиационная медицина: skills maintenance and reacquisition training

24) Должность: Simple Multi Attribute Rating Technique

25) НАСА: Satellite Multimedia Applications Research And Trials, Shared Mobile Atmospheric Research And Teaching, Small Missions For Advanced Research And Technology

26) Программное обеспечение: Self Monitoring Analysis And Reporting Tool, Simple Modular Architecture Research Tool, Simple Multipurpose Automation And Reporting Tools, Smaller Modules Are Readily Transportable

Универсальный англо-русский словарь > smart
7 dependence

n

зависимость; несамостоятельность; подчиненность

to break the fetters of economic dependence — разрывать путы экономической зависимости

to decrease one's dependence on smb — уменьшать / ослаблять свою зависимость от кого-л.

to escape from colonial dependence — освобождаться от колониальной зависимости

to free smb from political dependence — освобождать кого-л. от политической зависимости

to lessen one's financial dependence on smb — уменьшать свою финансовую зависимость от кого-л.

to liberate smb from dependence — освобождать кого-л. от зависимости

to place / to put in a position of dependence — ставить в зависимое положение

to reduce one's excessive dependence on foreign aid — уменьшать чью-л. чрезмерную зависимость от иностранной помощи

- colonial dependence
- complete dependence
- dependence on foreign capital
- diplomatic dependence
- economic dependence
- financial dependence
- one-sided dependence
- partial dependence
- permanent dependence
- political dependence
- post-colonial dependence
- total dependence

Politics english-russian dictionary > dependence
8 defeat

1. n поражение; разгром

the defeat of a party — поражение партии

the defeat of a bill — провал законопроекта

defeat on points — поражение по очкам

to suffer a defeat — потерпеть поражение

ignominious defeat — позорное поражение

inflicting defeat — нанесение поражения

to receive defeat — потерпеть поражение

spelling defeat — приведение к поражению

inflicting a defeat — нанесение поражения

2. n крушение

it was the defeat of all my plans — все мои планы рухнули

3. n юр. аннулирование, отмена

4. v наносить поражение, разбивать

to defeat the enemy — разбить противника, одержать победу над противником

to defeat a candidate — нанести поражение кандидату

to defeat on points — выиграть состязание по очкам

to defeat in detail — разгромить по частям

defeat a drive — наносить поражение наступающему противнику

recovering from the defeat — излечивание от поражения

to recover from a defeat — оправиться от поражения

recovered from the defeat — оправился от поражения

recover from the defeat — оправиться от поражения

5. v расстраивать, срывать; разрушать

to defeat the ends of justice — помешать делу правосудия

6. v юр. уничтожать, отменять, аннулировать

Синонимический ряд:

1. beating (noun) beating; come down; defeasance; discomfiture; downcast; downthrow; drubbing; licking; shellacking; thrashing; trouncing; vanquishment; warming; whipping

2. blow (noun) blow; reverse; setback

3. conquest (noun) annihilation; conquest; destruction; overthrow; rout; subjugation

4. disappointment (noun) bafflement; disappointment; frustration; loss

5. downfall (noun) debacle; downfall; ruin; upset

6. failure (noun) failure; insuccess; nonsuccess; unsuccess; unsuccessfulness

7. beat (verb) beat; outplay; overpower; pound; throw; trounce; win over

8. check (verb) baffle; check; checkmate; confound; frustrate; stymie; thwart

9. conquer (verb) bear down; beat down; best; conquer; crush; down; entrap; outdo; overcome; overthrow; quell; reduce; rout; smash; subdue; subjugate; thrash; triumph; vanquish; worst

10. master (verb) balk; disconcert; foil; master; mock; spoil; undo

Антонимический ряд:

advance; advantage; aid; ascendancy; attainment; conquest; establish; hope; mastery; promote; secure; security; speed; submit; success; surrender; triumph; victory

English-Russian base dictionary > defeat
9 federal

1. n ист. федералист

the Federals — «северяне»

2. a федеральный, относящийся к федерации; союзный

federal act — федеральный закон

federal court — федеральный суд

federal taxes — федеральные налоги

federal aid — федеральная субсидия

federal budget — федеральный бюджет

3. a амер. федеральный, правительственный, общегосударственный

Federal government — федеральное правительство; правительство США

Federal legislation — федеральное законодательство

Federal Constitution — федеральная конституция США

Federal and State budgets — государственный бюджет и бюджеты штатов

to reduce Federal employment — сократить государственный аппарат

federal supervision — надзор со стороны федеральных органов

federal state — союзное государство; федеральное государство

federal funds rate — процентная ставка по федеральным фондам

Federal Reserve credit — кредит федеральных резервных банков

federal purchasing system — федеральная контрактная система

4. a амер. ист. лояльный по отношению к правительству США; принадлежащий к «северянам»; федералистский

federal agency — агентство федерального правительства

Federal borrowings — займы федерального правительства

Federal assistance — помощь федерального правительства

federal expenditure — расходы федерального правительства

federal legislature — федеральная легислатура, конгресс США

Синонимический ряд:

1. confederated (adj.) allied; associated; confederate; confederated

2. national government (adj.) bureaucratic; central; general; governmental; national; national government

English-Russian base dictionary > federal

См. также в других словарях:

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Словари и энциклопедии на Академике

Перевод: с английского на русский

to reduce aid

См. также в других словарях:

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Словари и энциклопедии на Академике

Перевод: с английского на русский

to reduce aid

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